Invasion of Privacy Essay

While fixing your teenager’s room, a book falls on the floor. You get it and see that it is her journal. As a parent, do you reserve the option to understand it? Would it matter on the off chance that you found the journal outside her room? Is it alright to peruse the journal on the off chance that you think there is issue your teenager isn't outlining for you? As a youngster, did you ever go into your parent’s room (without authorization) and sneak about? Was that a â€Å"invasion of their privacy†? Did you discover anything you weren’t expected to? Did you gain from it? Did you let them know? You reserve each privilege to peruse your child’s journal whether it’s found in the clothing or their room. There is nothing amiss with recognizing what your youngster is thinking, the progressions that they are encountering, or maybe any disturbing issues they don’t feel they can move toward one of their folks with. See yourself as fortunate you discovered it. Attack of security? I don’t think so; it could spare their life. For whatever length of time that your youngster is inhabiting home with you, indeed, you should peruse her journal passages. You are there to shield your kid from outside impacts as well as from herself. In the event that it implies experiencing their assets, at that point so be it. At the point when they move out and build up lives of their own, this is the point at which you surrender certain rights as guardians, including perusing their journals. I surmise my term isn't sneaking around; it is checking your kids. My folks screen me. There is nothing in my room that my mom doesn't approach. It is unsuitable for anybody to conceal anything in our home. What's more, she screens which individuals I spend time with. Without a doubt, I didn’t welcome it for some time, yet as a portion of her â€Å"NO WAY† decisions fired winding up harming me, or others, I realized she had my wellbeing on a basic level, and wasn’t attempting to attack my life. I concur that it’s alright to experience your kid’s assets. What ought to be done on the off chance that you are experiencing it and you discover something improper, you locate some indirect method to bring it up to your youngster and check whether they open up about it. In no way, shape or form do you say, â€Å"Oh, I was in your room sneaking around and discovered this or that.† You need to ensure your children. Now and then they will start thinking everything their companions state, not imagining that their mother or father have experienced or experienced pretty much everything they’re experiencing and have the shrewdness to get them out in specific circumstances. Obviously youngsters don't accept that you ought to sneak around into what they need to call â€Å"their privacy†. They likewise think they know it all and can settle on savvy choices. They think it is alright to text and drive, drive under the influence and show their reproductive organs while on spring break. Children figure they ought not need to go to class or have a sleep time. Do I need to go on? I think you get the image. Main concern is, they are not paying for a telephone, web, PCs, Ipads and the power it takes to keep them running and until they do those things are not theirs. They are the property of the parent or gatekeeper and can be taken a gander at, looked, observed at whenever they please. My point is, on the off chance that you’re not doing anything incorrectly, at that point there ought not be an issue with anybody taking a gander at your instant messages or messages which by the way are not private in any case. In the event that you believe you ought to have security and you are mature enough, at that point find a new line of work, be mindful, and pay for the entirety of your things yourself and you may likewise need to move out all alone up to that point, As my mother says â€Å"My house, my rules.† Legally, guardians reserve the option to screen their child’s correspondences just on the grounds that they are lawfully answerable for the child’s activities. Guardians are lawfully answerable for their kids. I am aware of past situations where guardians have been captured for wrongdoings a youngster has done and they additionally can be considered monetarily mindful. The trust component additionally becomes possibly the most important factor when both the high schooler and the parent realize they can confide in one another that their house is a spot liberated from unsafe correspondence. To do that, the parent needs to effectively screen the media that the high schooler utilizes and take part in control, regardless of how terrible the word appears. It is essentially the demonstration of a dependable society that destructive correspondence isn't shown to youngsters and that kids do their part in regarding the laws of society. I am a youngster. I figure guardians ought to have the option to screen my own life, explicitly my writings, as a result of all the perilous things on the planet. You begin to see on the news youngsters utilizing drugs more frequently than they have previously. Utilizing a straightforward instant message to one of your companions about medications or anything can begin peer pressure. You’re not talking face to face so it’s simpler to message it at that point really state it. I was perusing a story on CNN about a software engineer who made sense of slang utilization of words to cover so guardians won’t get it. He has a site up with the significance of the slang utilization of words. I took a gander at one and it said â€Å"tdtml†. This implies â€Å"talk messy to me later†. Guardians ought to have the option to request the telephone to perceive what they are discussing. They ought to have the option to request it indiscriminately times. My folks additionally disclosed to me that they will check my telephone at whatever point surrendering me a heads that I will simply hand it over whenever. This has helped me a great deal in my life to avoid peer pressure and numerous different things also. Utilizing the site noslang.com can assist guardians with making sense of what their children are messaging. Perusing the CNN report on what they could code for words was totally astonishing. Go to cnn.com and in the inquiry bar type in â€Å"Parents do you comprehend what these writings mean?† Parents you will be staggered at the reports and the sort of coding adolescents use in nowadays.

Application for Head Teacher Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application for Head Teacher Position - Essay Example I will accomplish this by surveying and disentangling the client confronting forms (NSW Department of Education and Communities). I have worked in the situation of a head educator for a long time. Along these lines, I will bring the encounters I have increased filling in as both a staff administrator and a head educator. Furthermore, I have a bachelor’s certificate on Information Technology, which will empower me steer the improvement of online assets. Getting a chance to fill in as a head educator will empower me improve, create, and support top notch aptitudes in instructing. The head instructor opportunity will likewise build up my aptitudes in money related administration like operational spending plans and utilizing programs like TIPA, BUDDY, and COST IT. Other than the abilities picked up from my past encounters, I am extremely inventive and a difficult solver. I trust my accomplishments, selections, and grants will Illustrate my character and make me an appropriate contender for this position (NSW Department of Education and

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week June 2013 Social Currency Ranking

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week June 2013 Social Currency Ranking Rankings come in all shapes and sizes, but can any ranking truly capture social cachet?  For a different perspective on the value of an MBA, we turn to the  New York Times  society pages, where the editors select and profile promising couples. Each month, we dedicate one B-School Chart of the Week to tallying how alumni from top-ranked business schools are advancing their social currency ranking. The New York Times  ran an impressive 51 business school wedding announcements in June, giving Columbia Business School an opportunity to overtake Harvard Business School (HBS) in our social currency rankings, with a total of 22 mentions since the beginning of the calendar year. From freshly minted MBAs to soon-to-be students, a number of newlyweds had not yet fully entered post-MBA life. For example, Maria Sinopoli, who married Brian Rosenberg, graduated summa cum laude from HBS just this past May and is to become an associate marketing manager for General Mills. Newlyweds currently studying for their MBAs included Sara Leighton at NYU Sternâ€"who married a senior architectural designer at Skidmore, Owings Merrillâ€"and Robert Miller at Baruch College, who married Scott Richardson, an executive with Pfizer with an MBA from Adelphi University. Newlyweds that will be entering business school this fall include Abigail Bristol, who married management consultant Jason Hafler and will be studying for her MBA at HBS, and Robert Profusek, who married Dr. Thomas Marron and will begin working toward his MBA at Columbia Business School. Two University of Maryland alumni were also mentioned this month: Marcus De Paula, married to soon-to-be NYU Stern student Tess Segal, and Ross Dodd, married to soon-to-be UT Austin McCombs student Caitlin Viole. As the chart shows, the start of summer marked a significant spike in MBA weddings, bringing the year-to-date tally to 127 out of a total of 590 weddings, up from just 76 out of 383 in May. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

French Revolution vs American Revolution - 1534 Words

Leanette Estrada Ms. Sharpe AP World History CC Essay 2/26/13 CC Essay French and American Revolution Both the American and French revolutions were focused on liberty and equality. America was trying to gain freedom from the rules, unfair taxation, War debt, and lack of representation from the British. The French Revolution on the other hand wanted to abolish the French monarchy and create a better government in which people could have more of a say in society, and also had similar causes as the American Revolution. They were similar in their causes because both of them were caused because of unfair taxation, war debt, and lack of representation. However, â€Å"The American Revolution involved a colonial uprising against an†¦show more content†¦A constitutional monarchy was created in France because it was the decision of the National Assembly to make the king be in charge France. Even though it was a ratified constitution for the French, they decided to keep it as a king in charge instead having a president. The king however was kept as executive power of France. For the French, the king was able to resist any democratic change which made the National Assembly reconstruct the French society. The French people didn’t feel pleased of this decision because the third estate wasn’t well represented in the government which is similar to how the American colonists felt when the British passed the Tea Act, Stamp Act, and Revenue Act. The French felt cheated because they were promised a somewhat similar democracy like the American colonists gained, but they ended up with a constitutional monarchy. Another different outcome between the French and American Revolution was that the new reconstructed constitution in France didn’t last long when Robespierre came into play, unlike the Americans who gained a complete independence and had a president be in command of the nation and not a constitutional monarchy like the French gained. The Convention in France threw out the constitution and created the Co mmittee of Public Safety. They created the Committee because Prussia and Austria wereShow MoreRelatedWhat Caused The French Revolution?917 Words   |  4 PagesWhat caused the French Revolution? Many things contributed to it evolving. But only three were the most important. The influence dates back all the way to the Age of Enlightenment, the ideas definitely had an effect on the French citizens. The American Revolution ties with the Enlightenment as well. The political inequality of the three estates played a huge part in the disruption. In addition to that, the Economic inequality also influenced France. The French Revolution is a big and memorable partRead MoreBattle of Yorktown Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Battle of Yorktown. Similar to other battles in the Revolutionary War, the Americans were fighting for independence from the British and as threats from them kept increasing, the situation did not get any better. George Washington is recognized to having inspired the victory achieved over the British forces. The tactics, skills, courage and the collaboration George Washington sought with the French and American allies were enough to overcome the British army and force them to surrender. TheRead MoreHoward Zinn s Views On American Revolution950 Words   |  4 PagesThese two historians viewed the nature of American Revolution from two opposite different perspectives. Zinn viewed the American Revolution as an effort to preserve America’s status; while Wood looked at Revolution as an event that incorporated sense of equality among all Americans. Zinn was able to present the argument better as evidences he provided to support his argument seemed to make more sense and were closer to reality. Howard argued American Revolution as an effort of members of colonial elitesRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the various causes of the French Revolution. Include social, economic and ideological factors Just as any story has a climax; one can deduce that the 17th and 18th centuries were the turning point for most of European history; however, different places experienced this change in different ways. As the previous discoveries and inventions were made by remarkable scientists like Galileo, the Enlightenment was the next logical step in the era. As incredible philosophers like Jean- Jacques RousseauRead MoreThe American Revolution877 Words   |  4 Pagespeople believe the American Revolution is strictly liberal, in truth it is conservative evidenced by the new British policies, colonial reactions and the examinations of what it means to be conservative vs. liberal. The American Revolution was triggered, by many laws that were passed between 1763 and 1775 that controlled trade and taxes. This legislation caused pressure between colonists and imperial officers, who had made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints relatingRead MoreRousseaus Impact On The French Revolution1636 Words   |  7 Pageseffect on France. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major contributor to Frances political and social structure post-French revolution. These ideas weren’t the only triggers for the French Revolution. A combination of strangling taxes, economic disparity, and an impotent ruler led to the development of an intense need for reform in France. â€Å"France spent an enormous amount of money during the American war which put them on the verge of bankruptcy† (McKay et al., pg. 662). To make up for this immense nationalRead MoreOutline Of The Declaration Of Independence1704 Words   |  7 Pages †¢ The Treaty Alliance of 1778 was an alliance created between the United States and France during American Revolution. The alliance gave the United States a significant advantage as they had additional troops and supplies. 3. Articles of Confederation 1781-1789 †¢ The Articles of Confederation was America’s first constitution. The Articles of Confederation was written during the American Revolution and established the powers of the new government. The document was weak and ultimately didn’t lastRead MoreEmergence of a Two-Party System 1789-18081405 Words   |  6 PagesMatthew Kirkpatrick Br. Herb AP American History Period 4 10/8/12 Emergence of a Two-Party System 1789-1808 A two-party system is a political system in which the electorate gives its majority of votes to only two major parties and in which one or the other party can win a majority in the legislature. An example of a two-party system is the United States of America, which has the Republicans and the Democrats. For the candidacy to be president, the person must have a majority of the party supportingRead MoreThe Colonial Revolution Vs The Egyptian Revolution1448 Words   |  6 PagesApril 2016 The Colonial Revolution vs The Egyptian Revolution ? A Lesson in Stark Contrast Two revolutions, 250 years apart, were both started for noble causes in an effort to right human wrongs. The results of these two revolts that appear in the History books will be sadly different. Economically and politically, the causes that resulted in the Colonial Revolution and the Egyptian Revolution appear to be similar; however, further study reveals that the Egyptian Revolution stands in stark and dreadfulRead MoreThe Colonial Revolution Vs The Egyptian Revolution1448 Words   |  6 PagesApril 2016 The Colonial Revolution vs The Egyptian Revolution ? A Lesson in Stark Contrast Two revolutions, 250 years apart, were both started for noble causes in an effort to right human wrongs. The results of these two revolts that appear in the History books will be sadly different. Economically and politically, the causes that resulted in the Colonial Revolution and the Egyptian Revolution appear to be similar; however, further study reveals that the Egyptian Revolution stands in stark and dreadful

Abraham Lincoln And The Civil War - 1183 Words

Abraham Lincoln Lizzy Cook HIS 103 17 November 2015 Before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed, the Civil War had been going on for two years. UNION VICTORIES The Emancipation Proclamation was signed on September 22, 1862, but it did not take effect until January 1, 1863 (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). This took place during the Civil War, which was fought between the Union States and the Confederate States of America. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free the slaves, because it only applied to the areas that the Union had no power in. It did not apply to the Southern area that the Union already had taken control of or occupied. It also did not apply to the slave states that were already a part of the Union or the border states. It applied only to the areas that were under the control of the Confederate States. The Union Army had no control there, so they could not enforce it (CORNALE NOTES). The Emancipation Proclamation had a small impact practically, but had a larger symbolic effect, and led to the Thirteenth Amendment following the victory of the Union in 1865 (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). EMCANIPATOR DEFINTIYON Lincoln should not be known the â€Å"Great Emancipator.† The Emancipation Proclamation was one of Lincoln’s war strategies that was supposed to free the slaves in the United States, including the states that were rebelling against the Union (Emancipation Proclamation 1863). Before the Emancipation Proclamation, there were several ConfiscationShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history, and the impact was felt on many levels. Various estimates put the deaths during the Civil War at between 600,000 and 700,000. The last figure is the result of better research of existing death records and casualty lists (Isenhour). In order to understand the complexity of the Civil War, one must understand Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 (History 1). He was elected as the 16th president (History 1). AfterRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War956 Words   |  4 Pages Out of the first sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln was the first president who created foundation about ending slaves in America via his Emancipation of Proclamation. Lincoln was also a strong supporter for Homestead Act and The Pacific Railway Act, which became an essential law for American economics. Furthermore, 13th Amendment was Lincoln top priority in legislation after he was reelected as the President. President Abraham Lincoln truly became one of the greatest presidents via these achievementsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1095 Words   |  5 Pages1861 Abraham Lincoln became the sixteen president of the United States. He had the Proclamation of declaring forever to free slaves within the Confederacy in the year 1863. Lincoln directly told the South In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you.... You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it. Lincoln wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War944 Words   |  4 PagesIn the mid-1800s, in the second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln identified the civil war as religious war: it is a will of God. He stated, God â€Å"gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe†; therefore, â€Å"with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in† (Lincoln). Opposite to Douglas ideas that slavery is natural, secular, and constitutional right, Lincoln asserted anti-slavery, linked to Evangelical ProtestantismRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Civil War was a war between the union, and confederate states in the United States that occurred from 1861-1865. Many people believed that the Civil War was about slavery and southern states right to defend their states’ rights. The confederates were fighting for their liberty and independence under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, who they felt was a tyrant. However, the union, was fighting to preserve their territory, that was created by their founding fathers from chaos andRead MoreAbraham Lincoln: Civil War2003 Words   |  9 PagesAugust 2010 SPEAKER | Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States of America and he help office during the Civil War. During the Civil War, the North and South split into two sides – the Union in the north led by president Lincoln and the Confederacy in the south led by president Davis. Originally, the Civil War was not an attempt by Lincoln to abolish slavery and emancipate the slaves, but to preserve and protect the Union, but later Lincoln decided that ending slaveryRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The American Civil War1758 Words   |  8 Pagesresource (http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-lincoln-dies) Abraham Lincoln our 16th president of the Unite States of America was fatally shot on April 14, 1865 in the back of the head in the Presidential box at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. but, actually passed away at 7:22 a.m. the next day. Lincoln was taken to a home across the street, where he died, from the bullet wound he inflicted the night before. Lincoln survived nine hours after his assassination took place making himRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The American Civil War1322 Words   |  6 Pagesaccredited to Abraham Lincoln, but he was not always the complete abolitionist as he is commonly portrayed. The â€Å"house divided†, as Lincoln depicted it in his famous â€Å"House Divided† speech, of the United States during the Civil War was not always led towards the freedom of all mankind and there is sufficient evidence to support this claim. The sixteenth president of the United States is most commonly remembered for inducing the courage and determination to end the American Civil War with the EmancipationRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The American Civil War1756 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Lincoln is often regarded as a resilient individual who triumphed over adversity during one of the most turbulent times in Unites States history: the American Civil War. Traits that are often attributed to him are h onesty, charisma, a silver tongue, and a sense of equality. Lincoln achieved notoriety not only with his exceptional delivery of famous speeches, such as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, but also with the lesser known interactions, conversations and daily activities with common peopleRead MoreCompare And Contrast Abraham Lincoln And The Civil War835 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to understand the American Civil War, one must know more about the leaders who controlled both sides. As many Americans know, Abraham Lincoln participated in the command of troops on the Northern side of the conflict. On the Southern side, a very influential leader was also present; Nathan Bedford Forrest was a well-known general in the South and was renowned for his brilliant tactics in combat. One is known as the great emancipator of the slaves, the other, as the first leader of the Ku

Professional Ethics - Social Networking - 1455 Words

1. In the Quon V. Ontario case, the police officers filed a lawsuit even thought they were not fired for the information that the police chief learned about their text messages. How, if at all, is someone harmed simply by another person reading private text messages? This case centered on the apparent right of privacy. DesJardin’s described privacy as â€Å"†¦important because it serves to define one’s individuality† (p.142). It is likely Jeff Quan did not give any indication to his peers of his outlandish sexual preferences, although he kept it private these character traits gave him is individuality. DesJardin concludes, â€Å"that certain personal decisions and information are rightfully the exclusive domain of the individual† (p.142).†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Colvin also surrendered his right to control of private information when he decided to participate on Facebook. However, Colvin situation differs from Swann and Leones because he did not post the incriminating picture, Swann and Leone implicated themselves. Additionally, Colvin’s misconduct did affect work performance; he lied to skip work and was caught. Although he did not provide the evidence himself, he should have been awa re of the possibility arising due to Facebook (esp. after going to a Halloween party, probably the most photographed night, as far as pictures on Facebook, are concerned). This all results in an employee’s awareness of what information is shared about them. If there is a relative risk of private information being publically accessed than the employee should take necessary steps to restrict the flow of personal information. A funny parallel: A friend of mine deleted everyone she encountered the night before to prevent pictures surfacing of the nights activities. As outrageous as that sounds, she did what was required to restrict private information from surfacing on Facebook. 3. In both the Swann and Leone cases the employers did not give the employee and option to explain or appeal their decisions. Should they have? In those instances, I believe due process was appropriate. They did not reveal trade secrets or detrimentally harm the company, they were just off hand comments any dissatisfiedShow MoreRelatedPrivacy and Computer Technology1813 Words   |  7 Pageswidespread, computer ethics are boiling down distinguishing what is good from what is wrong mentality. Everyones view on computer ethics differ, however all should keep in mind the value of ethics when making decisions that are ethics based. The golden rules of computer ethics state that, one should do to one another what he/she thinks should be done to them and if at least quite a number of people obey the golden rule, then there would be no many issues concerning computer ethics as they are todayRead MoreThe Ethics And Integrity Of Two Research Articles1139 Words   |  5 Pageswill analyze the ethics and integrity of two research articles. The first article, Social Networking and Professional Ethics: Client Searches, Informed Conse nt, and Disclosure (Harris, Robinson Kurpius, 2014). The second article, Child Rights as a Framework for Advancing Professional Standards for Practice, Ethics, and Professional Development in School Psychology (Nastasi and Naser, 2014). The standards and key portions of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Ethics (2010) of eachRead MoreEthics : Ethical And Ethical Values1591 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is ethics? How are ethical values formed? Can ethics be taught or changed? Explain why ethics are important to MIS. How do ethics relate to laws and to codes of conduct? What are Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development and how does that relate to ethics in MIS? Ethics is defined as the branch of philosophy that involves organizing, defending and endorsing the concepts of right and wrong behavior. Several factors contribute to the formation of ethical values of an individual including familyRead MoreFacebook : A Social Networking Site857 Words   |  4 Pages　　When one joins a social networking site, they basically sign their rights over to that site (Friends Without Boarders). Many people do not read the terms and conditions when making an account to begin with, so they never know what they are really getting into (Friends Without Boarders). For instance, did you know on Facebook when someone joins, it automatically allows Facebook to access their information? They collect data from their members off of third party websites, so they can tailor the websiteRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On The Workplace Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media becomes important in people’s lives despite age, gender, social leve l, profession, language or locality. Modern technologies are used by individuals including student nurses across the world for different purposes, such as, to stay up to date with worldwide news; exchange information or ideas and share views; aid in recovery and education; keep in touch with family and friends. This comes with great responsibilities for nurses not only to become confident social media users and incorporateRead MoreEssay on The Evolution of Social Networking1617 Words   |  7 PagesSocial networking is a phenomenon that has taken the world by storm mostly over the last decade. AOL’s Instant Messenger and other similar programs first allowed people to communicate over the internet, which evolved into social networking sites such as Friendster, MySpace and Facebook and Twitter. This evolution has yielded ever-expanding ways of communicating with people over the internet. No longer is it possible to only send text messages. Now, people can send text, pictur es, videos and moreRead MoreThe Facebook Profile: A Right or a Violation? Essay example1027 Words   |  5 PagesSocial networking sites such as Twitter or Facebook have created a new ethical dilemma for many businesses. Corporations, small businesses, and even universities are struggling create policies to manage their employees social networking behaviors. Social networking access, particularly for recruiters, can provide personal information about potential employees, which would otherwise not be available. A business must follow statutes and guidelines when disclosing information to the public. IndividualsRead MoreEthics Fired Over Social Media802 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Fired Over Social Media Ethics Fired Over Social Media The purpose of this literary review is to enlighten my viewers of the importance of the ethical idea of companies crossing the lines of business with your personal life, when involving social media accounts. Most of my research has operated from the ATU library using the find it tool. Furthermost, the researched information use was from peer-reviewed research journal. I will discuss includes social media cons in the workRead MoreRole of Social Media in Business1013 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media plays a vital role in all aspects of businesses nowadays. It has helped in turning communications into interactive dialogues among organizations, communities and individuals which has led to a much proper propagation of information. It may include web based or mobile based technologies and the existence in multiple forms has made it all the more tempting and has become a necessity today in the business world. Social media is one of the greatest business gifts of our generation and theRead MoreLinked on LinkedIn Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthe internet has become (Lister, et al, 2011). More and more employers and employees link together on LinkedIn, the second-largest social networking site in existence (Press, 2011). LinkedIn arguably represents the best business tool on the web for both recruiters and potential employees. LinkedIn launched on May 5, 2003 as the first of the major social networking sites, just in front of Facebook, which launched in February, 2004 ( ). By April 2004, just before its first birthday, LinkedIn reached

Human Resource International Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Human Resource International Management? Answer: Introduction International human resource management is responsible for creating a focus on the global organizational context. This program majorly focuses on global legislation, cultures, and strategies. The aim of this paper is to introduce a comparative approach to the international human resource management and examine the various strategic issues, challenges, and drivers while considering the cultural beliefs in various nations. The roles of the human resource manager in multinational companies include ensuring global legal regulations, identification, cross-border management of human resources, relocation of talent, career management, and employer branding. Competencies of an HR Director International human resource management emphasizes more on the number of functions and responsibilities including orientation and relocation services to enable the employees to adapt to the global working environment. By doing so, the employees are able to work comfortably in other countries. In the recent past, the issue of global competition has become the new norm. The employers and the employees have become part of the products and human resource markets (Bratton Gold, 2012). The demographical changes are also changing the working patterns. For instance, a company may lose intellectual property and organizational memory once an aged employee retires. In such a case, the human resource manager should step in and identify the proper replacement. Various technological advancements are changing the way international business activities are carried out. Currently, many people prefer the remote offices rather than the central ones. This trend has enabled the growth of workforce diversity through the creation of cross-culture workforce and flexibility, which requires sophisticated human resource practices (Budhwar Debrah, 2013). The human resource manager should be able to handle both the central and remote employees. Also, education has been identified as the solution to demographic problems. The traditional education system is becoming obsolete in the modern working environment (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). Therefore, the human resource managers should be able to foster workplace learning and acknowledge that technical qualifications may vary from one institution to another. A country is divided into various regions which exhibit cultural differences. In the context of IHRM, there is a difference in the work goals portrayed by people from various regions. For instance, there is a difference in the way the Germans and the Dutch conduct their business activities. Urbanization and religious heritage have been cited to be the major factors that contribute to the differences in business activities and work goals (Stahl, Bjrkman Morris, 2012). Hence, it is important for the HR manager to note the cultural differences because they are relevant to the international business activities. Another fact that must be considered is that global competition is increasing. This being the case, the management needs to recognize the human resource department and invest some money to help in the learning of new global trends. The current and emerging issues in international human resource management have re-shaped the way global business activities are carried out. Also, the cultural diversity of the people living in various nations dictates the way international business activities should be carried out. Generally, these factors have altered the integration of international human resource management practice. References Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Budhwar, P. S., Debrah, Y. A. (Eds.). (2013).Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Stahl, G. K., Bjrkman, I., Morris, S. (Eds.). (2012).Handbook of research in international human resource management. Edward Elgar Publishing.

When I Grow Up an Example by

When I Grow Up Planning for a successful career is what everyone wants to do and at the same time, one of the hardest things to accomplish (Goodlad 2004). What Glynda experienced during her practicum is one of the challenges that she can experience as a student. She stated that being a teacher is want she really wanted since childhood. However, what she experienced made her gave up her career. She got so depressed that she forgot to fight for her dreams. Need essay sample on "When I Grow Up" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Being depressed every time a person experiences a problem is just normal but giving up your dreams and doing nothing to stand up again is something that a person should not do especially if the persons dreams are what the person had worked for several years. Working to achieve a career is really difficult because challenges are always there to hinder the person and that is what happened to Glynda. However, she became too negative that she did not even think of other alternatives and/or even weigh her situation first before dropping the course. Glynda, as an aspiring teacher should be aware that the noisy students, uncooperative supervising teacher and strict parents are part of the package of being a teacher. She should consider that in order for her to experience the real thing and get used to it, she must experience it first and overcome the troubles that can come along with it. She must learn that those experiences are not merely problems but lectures that teach her to be more courageous, flexible and patient. She must learn how to deal with the problems and find creative ways to solve it. In that way, she will be able to lessen the stress and learn from it at the same time. Lastly, Glynda should not isolate herself with her problems. She has to open herself because no one can live by living alone. Every thing that a person has should be shared to everyone, even the problems. Opening ones self to other people like family and friends gives the person an opportunity to relax, lessen the pain and think of the solution that can be done to solve the problem. This attitude is what Glynda lacks for herself. She got so occupied with her problems that she forgot to share it with Abby. Even though she let Abby know about her situation, she refused to get along with her and by doing so, she rejected Abbys help. What Abby said about losing more in the end is true for Glyndas case. There is a high possibility that she will lose her dreams and her friends if she does not take effort to stand up and clean up the mess in her life. What she has to do at this point is to find the will to keep going so that she can think of concrete ways to make her life move forward. Problem Resolution As a means to help Glynda with her problems, a solution will be established to address each of her problems and use it to address the whole situation. Open Up - Since Glynda has already dropped the course, there is no way that she can take it again except take it next year. For now, what Glynda has to do is to fix herself and establish a more positive outlook in life. To do that, she must open up herself to others especially to her family, friends or even to God to lessen the weight that is inside her. She must learn that isolation is not the solution. By explaining her situation and having others to listen, the effect will be a lighter feeling and a clearer mind that is needed for a more effective resolution (Goodlad 2004). Furthermore, by opening up to others, Glyndas friends will know the situation and can give her advice on what to do. Talk to Experts Experts are the ones who give the best advice (Goodlad 2004). After opening up her situation to her closest friends and family, she must then talk to a psychologist or a school councilor to ask for some advice for her self and her career. From the analysis, her depression rooted from her confusion that is caused by being exposed to a difficult challenge that she did not manage to overcome. By talking to a psychologist, Glynda can assess her attitude and psychologist can advice her on how to establish a stronger personality capable of addressing hard problems and challenges. On the other hand, the school councilor can help her about her career preference. If she really wants to be a teacher, then the councilor can advice her on how to finish the career smoothly. However if she does not want to be a teacher anymore, the councilor can advice her about other courses that can fit her other interests. Assessment of all the advice After opening up and taking advices, what Glynda should do is to assess all the advices and choose the best that can help her achieve the best result. This is the time that she should ask herself: do I really want to be a teacher? Is it really my interest? or is there another career where I can fit myself and do better? The answers to these questions will only come from her. She should lend enough time to think of all these things to come up with a better decision. Plan the future Glynda should remember that most of the best decisions came from a good plan of action. After assessing her alternatives and coming up with a best decision, what she should do now is to establish a plan of how to implement her decision. A plan of action is necessary to guide her in her life and to avoid committing mistakes along the way. The plan should be flexible enough to address the unexpected problems that might come (Goodlad 2004). If Glynda chose to continue her career, then her plan should include: pick her self up, be motivated, continue taking her major and minor classes and put her full focus in it. In this way, she can be more prepared when she takes the practicum class again. Teacher Consultation the last thing that Glynda should remember is to always consult her teacher about everything that deals about her practicum. The reason why Glyndas problem got worst is that she did not consulted her teacher about the matter. Glynda should keep in mind that practicum classes are established to show the students the real situation about the career. However, the teachers are there to serve as mentors whom the students can consult every time they have problems. Teachers are there to guide the students and advice them in order to pass the subject and pursue their career (Goodlad 2004). What Glynda has to do is to take the initiative and discuss any matters to her teacher to avoid further complications in the future. References: Goodlad, J. et al. (2004). The Teaching Career. Teachers College Press.

The Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson River System

The Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson River System The Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River system is the fourth largest river system in the world and serves transportation, industry, and recreation as the most important inland waterway in North America. Its drainage basin collects water from 41% of the contiguous United States, covering a total area of more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,224,535 square kilometers) and touching 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces in all. The Missouri River, the longest river in the United States, the Mississippi River, the second longest river in the United States, and Jefferson River combine to form this system at a total length of 3,979 miles (6,352 km). (The Mississippi-Missouri River combined is 3,709 miles or 5,969 km). The river system begins in Montana at the Red Rocks River, which quickly turns into the Jefferson River. The Jefferson then combines with the Madison and Gallatin Rivers at Three Forks, Montana to form the Missouri River. After winding through North Dakota and South Dakota, the Missouri River forms part of the boundary between South Dakota and Nebraska, and Nebraska and Iowa. Upon reaching Missouri state, the Missouri river joins up with the Mississippi River about 20 miles north of St. Louis. The Illinois River also joins with the Mississippi at this point. Later, in Cairo, Illinois, the Ohio River joins the Mississippi River. This connection separates the Upper Mississippi and the Lower Mississippi, and doubles the water capacity of the Mississippi. The Arkansas River flows in to the Mississippi River north of Greenville, Mississippi. The final junction with the Mississippi River is the Red River, north of Marksville, Louisiana. The Mississippi River eventually splits up in to a number of different channels, called distributaries, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at various points and forming a delta, a triangular shaped alluvial plain composed of silt. About 640,000 cubic feet (18,100 cubic meters) is emptied in to the Gulf every second. The system can easily be broken in to seven different basin regions based on the major tributaries of the Mississippi River: Missouri River Basin, Arkansas-White River Basin, Red River Basin, Ohio River Basin, Tennessee River Basin, Upper Mississippi River Basin, and Lower Mississippi River Basin. The Formation of The Mississippi River System More recently, about two million years ago, glaciers upwards of 6,500 feet thick repeatedly encroached upon and retreated from the land. When the last ice age ended approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind to form the lakes and rivers of North America. The Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River system is just one of the many water features that fill the giant swath of plain between the Appalachian Mountains of the east and the Rocky Mountains of the West. History of Transportation and Industry on the Mississippi River System Beginning in the early 1800s, steamboats took over as the dominant mode of transportation on the river ways of the system. Pioneers of business and exploration used the rivers as a means of getting around and shipping their products. Beginning in the 1930s, the government facilitated the navigation of the system’s waterways by building and maintaining several canals. Today, the Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River System is used primarily for industrial transportation, carrying agricultural and manufactured goods, iron, steel, and mine products from one end of the country to the other. The Mississippi River and the Missouri River, the two major stretches of the system, see 460 million short tons (420 million metric tons) and 3.25 million short tons (3.2 million metric tons) of freight transported every year. Large barges pushed by tugboats are the most common way of getting things around. The immense commerce that takes place along the system has fostered the growth of countless cities and communities. Some of the most important include Minneapolis, Minnesota; La Crosse, Wisconsin; St. Louis, Missouri; Columbus, Kentucky; Memphis, Tennessee; and Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana. Concerns Dams and levees are the most common guard against destructive floods. Important ones along the Missouri and Ohio Rivers limit the amount of water that enters the Mississippi. Dredging, the practice of removing sediment or other material from the bottom of the river, makes the rivers more navigable, but also increases the amount of water the river can hold – this poses a bigger risk for flooding. Pollution is another distress to the river system. Industry, while providing jobs and general wealth, also produces a large amount of waste that has no other outlet but in to the rivers. Insecticides and fertilizers are also washed away in to the rivers, disrupting ecosystems at the point of entry and further down stream as well. Government regulations have curbed these pollutants but pollutants still find their way in to the waters.

The use of drones in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The use of drones in the United States - Essay Example However, there is a lot of debate that have been sparked on the legality, efficacy and morality of this practice, even though, capable drones have versatile uses. In the current times, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was ordered by the Obama’s administration to come up with a plan in order to permit unarmed drones within the United States airspace. Such a decision was as a result of the tremendous demand arising from different stakeholders such as Border Patrol, police, agencies, organizations and businesses in their quest to use them in future. This paper addresses the pros and cons of the legalization of drones for commercial use by companies/organizations in the United States. The pros of the use of drones in the United States by border patrol police, agencies, organizations, and businesses. Drones can be used to save lives. These devices can be used to reduce significantly the frequency and exposure of military personnel during war. Another benefit of drones is the low cost. These devices are affordable when purchasing and the costs incurred in maintaining or fueling them are significantly lower compared to ordinary and regular airplanes. Needless to say, there is low risk involved as a result of military hardware since these devices are comparatively smaller and can, therefore, fly at lower altitudes as opposed to the traditional airplanes. There is the benefit of comparatively longer operational hours without any fatigue. This is because drones do not have human pilots and can, therefore, stay in operation for a long time.

Service Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Service Management - Assignment Example nsidered most effective in identifying the influences of customer satisfaction is any form of quantitative customer satisfaction survey that manifest the unconsciously and qualitatively experienced customers into tangible and meaningful measures that can be used for decision making. For example through the quantitative method, customers can rank the influencers that affect their purchasing behavior. Customers in business to customer markets often want to be treated with customized service even though their volumes of service are always high. This creates a gap that can only be addressed by the use of a focus strategic option which seeks to learn more about specific markets. For customers in business to business markets, their needs often focus on value, which means that to address this gap, the differentiation strategic option which seeks to value-based service is used. Customer survey forms collected and evaluated shows that marketers will continue to be faced with the responsibility of understanding their market through means such as research and development (R&D). This is because the needs of customers were noted to be very different and widespread, requiring only a detailed market research to discover these differences and building the right segments to provide services to customers. Supply networks and supplier relationships are focused on by the author in the sixth chapter. In this chapter, the author notes that supply chain management is very crucial in ensuring that the goal of the company in achieving efficiency and effectiveness can be realized. To do this, the need for all stakeholders to function in a manner that is in line with the organizational culture of the main service provider is recommended. Most service providers have underestimated the role and place of supply chain, thinking that supply chain management is useful only for those in retail and other product based industries. The supply chain constructed below however shows that the service

Whose Reality Essay Essay Example for Free

Whose Reality Essay Essay The brain is a crucible: a melting pot of intersecting ingredients that forges a reality that is de- ceptively the same, but often vastly different for each individual. That reality is a construct is a fashionable term these days; it means that we tend to see reality from a particular frame of reference. There is always a context, whether it be political, social or cultural. For those who are unable to construct a satisfactory reality, it is then that they are forced to create an alterna- tive reality, perhaps that fulfils their dreams and meets their views and values. In the words of cognitive neuropsychologist Kaspar Meyer, â€Å"what is now clear is that the brain is not a stimulus-driven robot that directly translates the outer world into a conscious experi- ence. What we’re conscious of is what the brain makes us be conscious of, and in the absence of incoming signals, bits of memories tucked away can be enough for a brain to get started with†. Reality for each individual differs according to their past experiences and memories, as well as what they choose to perceive to be true. Those with weaker frames of minds such as individuals suffering from mental disorders, or solely living under delusion tend to create alternative realities in order to escape the harsh truth. Consider the materialism of the post-war United States. Motivated by prosperity and wealth, all Americans were expected to achieve the profound ‘American Dream’, of which Arthur Miller critiques throughout his play ‘Death of a Salesman’. The play’s lead character Willy Loman struggles to face the true reality, but instead, chooses to believe he is leading the life he had always dreamt of. Willy believes himself to be the best salesman of his company, claiming he is â€Å"well liked† by all, and â€Å"vital in New England†, when in fact, his true reality proves to be quite the opposite. Willy struggles to pay his mortgage, as well as fails to support and provide for his family. Despite his favourite son Biff finding the words to call him out to be what he truly is â€Å"(a) fake†¦ (a) big phoney fake† and â€Å"a dime a dozen†, Willy remains ignorant towards the truth. Willy’s alternative reality provides him with the motivation to continue his life, despite the loss of his job and loss of respect from Biff. Alternative realities provide tem- porary relief from the harsh truth of reality, which is sometimes necessary for those who are considered mentally weak. It is often easier to support the alternative realities created by the mentally weak. Due to their mental state, disregarding what they believe to be true can carry several consequences. In ‘Death of a Salesman’, Willy’s wife Linda remains supportive throughout her husband’s delu- sion. He claims she is his â€Å"foundation (and) support†, which is simply conforming to the ex- pected role of a 1950’s housewife. Another example includes the 2010 movie directed by Mar- tin Scrosese titled ‘Shutter Island’, which clearly highlights the importance of accepting the al- ternative realities created by the mentally weak. The film’s protagonist Teddy Daniels believes himself to be a U. S marshal assigned to investigate the disappearance of a patient from Bos- tons Shutter Island mental institution. However, in true fact, Teddy is actually Andrew Laed- dis, one of the institution’s most dangerous patients they have because of his delusions and his violence towards the staff and the other patients. Andrew (or Teddy’s) delusion created an alternative reality in which he was able to escape the truth about his murderous past. In order to support his alternative reality, the staff at the institution developed a scenario in which Andrew was able to live out his delusion, therefore preventing the otherwise dangerous psychological effects of his true nature. If An- drew was in fact exposed to his true reality rather than living as his alter ego, he may have not been able to survive, hence proving the importance of supporting a mentally weak individual’s alternative reality. Alternative realities may not always be negative. In these cases, the alternative reality protects the individual from harm or negative attention due exposing their true self. Consider the death of Whitney Houston, or the even more recent Robin Williams. Despite their true reality con- sisting of depression and substance abuse, these two renowned celebrities developed and maintained an alternative reality to allow others to portray them as role models and success- ful artists. In the case of Robin Williams, his severe depression led to his suicide. As a come-dian and successful actor, Williams was perceived by the majority to be a motivated happy man. In true fact, despite working to ensure other people were laughing, he was diagnosed with severe depression, to the point where he eventually took his own life. Robin William’s al- ternative reality forced others to see him as he was not, but without the negative attention of showing who he really was. In Whitney Houston’s case, despite her perception as an iconic successful singer, her alternative reality consisted of a cocaine addiction to the point where she drowned in a hotel bathtub. Following their deaths, the public was finally made aware of who they truly were, regardless of what we had previously perceived them to be. Alternative realities such as these can be crucial to ensure happiness and satisfaction for the individual, without highlighting their true selves to the world. Those who are mentally weak tend to create alternative realities in order to avoid their true selves. Whether they are living within a delusion such as Willy Loman or suffering from a mental condition such as Andrew Laeddis, (otherwise known as Teddy), alternative realities may be beneficial for the individual, however difficult for others to accept. Due to individual differences in realities due to social, emotional, cultural and political factors, each person must construct a reality that is most suitable for their views and values, even if that results in alter- native realities being created. In the words of author Mignon McLaughlin, â€Å"a critic can only re- view the book he has read, not the one in which the author wrote†, and therefore we cannot judge an individual’s choice of reality or alternative realities without experiencing it ourselves first hand.

Digital Democracy Essay -- Politics Media Internet Technology Essays

Digital Democracy Over the years the media has made citizens major role players in politics. Ross Perot opened eyes by putting the 1992 Election in the media and thereby allowing voters to become directly involved in politics. The Internet, the new form of mass media â€Å"has turned into a major political and media industry† (Grossman 16). Because of the rise the Internet has taken, the idea of direct democracy has risen. The foundation of direct democracy is in self-government. The claim is that the presence of the Internet will increase citizens’ involvement in political issues by allowing them access to more information. This is significant because it takes a look at the impact of technology on society and politics, as well by looking at politics from the average persons’ perspective. It is my position, however that although the Internet will make citizens more informed this would actually work to deter people from participating in politics. Through the greater establi shment of community and trust among citizens will we find the desire to participate in government and politics. Currently, our government is based on a representative form of democracy, where citizens choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This is a type of self-government because â€Å"by choosing those who would govern them, the people would also, in effect, be governing themselves† (Grossman 40). However, with the coming of the Internet age and a higher prospect of self-government, representative democracy could soon become obsolete, being replaced by direct democracy. Direct Democracy was first introduced by The Athenians as a form of government back in fifth century BC. Direct Democracy allowed the citizens to make the rules as w... ...e nationwide disaster. Our best hope at creating a better democracy is to focus on rebuilding the community. Before we can put things in place that are meant to reconstruct society, we must first fix the foundation upon which this nation was built, and that is community. Works Cited: Bimber, Bruce. â€Å"The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism.† Polity 31(1): 133-160. Davis, Richard. The Web of Politics. New York: Oxford Press, 1999. Davison, Donald E. New Democracy: A New Democracy means a more Direct Democracy. 1 April 2001. 27 September 2001. . Grossman, Lawrence K. The Electronic Republic. New York: Penguin Group, 1995. Kamarck, Elaine, and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. democracy.com: Governance in a Networked World. Hollis, NH: Hollis Publishing, 1999.

Reading Strategies Essay

Reading is an essential skill in human life. People are trained to learn how to read at very early age and they read with many purposes such as reading for pleasure or reading to earn experience or simply to know what is happening around them. In academic setting, reading is assumed to be the central means for learning new information and gaining access to alternative explanations. Reading also provides people with the foundation for synthesis and critical evaluation skill. In addition, reading is the primary means for independent learning, whether the goal is performing better on academic tasks, learning more about subject matter, or improving language abilities (Grabe and Stoller, as cited in Celce-Murcia, 2001). However, according to Dr. Kathleen King (Reading Strategies, n. d. ) for students at college, reading is a new experience although they have been reading for more than 12 years at school or for pleasure. In addition, academic reading is not easy; therefore, it is extremely difficult for academic students to achieve complex goals without reading strategies. Supporting to this idea, (Hawkins, 1991, cited in Celce-Murcia) also said that â€Å"Of all the skills that the child must acquire in school, reading is the most complex and difficult†. Therefore, English Second Language students are surely unavoidable to face some problems. Firstly, learners may be good at understanding separate words or even each sentence, but fail to understand the relationships between the sentences and the meaning of the text as a whole. Next, they do not have necessary knowledge about what they read. And the most important problem is that they lack necessary reading strategies. English Second Language students need to learn reading strategies because their comprehension breaks down easily. They need different ways to approach reading to help facilitate the reading process and provide them with a better sense of what they are reading (Reading strategies for ESL Students, n. d. ). Reading strategies are the most effective means to help them deal with obstacles in reading and become a better reader. Furthermore, with practice, the strategies lead to skills that become automatic and quick over time (McNamara and Danielle, 2009). But for students at the college, reading is not simply to do the task and reading passage is often longer than it is at high school meanwhile not all of them know the reading strategies and how to use them effectively. So, teaching reading strategies for students becomes necessary. That is the reason why the researcher choose â€Å"reading strategies for academic students† as a topic to do the research with the hope of improving the effect of their reading. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE II. 1. Definition of Strategies Brown (2001) defined strategies as specific methods to solve a problem or task, as modes of activity to reach a particular end or intentional designs to control or manipulate certain information. He stated that strategies differentiate within an individual and that a person can use a variety of strategies to achieve his or her goal. Oxford (as cited in Oxford, 2003, p. 8) defined strategies as follows: â€Å"The word â€Å"strategies† comes from the ancient Greek word strategia, which means steps or actions taken for the purpose of winning a war. The warlike meaning of strategia, has fortunately fallen away but the control and directedness remains in the version of the word. † He believed that whether a strategy is helpful or not depends on the specific context in which it is appropriately used. In order to use a strategy effectively, learners have to consider three important conditions: whether the strategy relates well to the second language task at hand, whether the strategy fits the particular students’ learning style preferences to one degree or another, or whether the students employ the strategy and link it with other strategies well. II. 2. Distinction between Strategies and Skills Strategies can be defined as conscious actions that learners take to achieve desired goals or objectives, while a skill is a strategy that has become automatic. As learners consciously learn and practice specific reading strategies, the strategies move from conscious to unconscious; from strategy to skill (Nunan, 2003). Strategic reading is defined as the ability of the reader to use a wide variety of reading strategies to accomplish a purpose for reading (Nunan, 2003). Strategic reading means not only knowing what strategy to use, but knowing how to use and integrate a range of strategies (Anderson, 1991). II. 3. Difference Strategic Readers from Poor Readers (Reading Strategies, n. d. ) |1. Before Reading, Strategic Readers †¦ |Poor Readers †¦ | |? Build up their own background knowledge about reading and the |? Start reading without thinking about the process of reading or the| |topic |topic. | |? Set purposes for reading. |? Do not know why they are reading but merely view the task as | |? Determine methods for reading, according to their purposes. |â€Å"ground to cover†. | |2. During Reading, Strategic Readers †¦ |Poor Readers †¦ | |? Give their complete attention to the reading task. |? Do not eliminate distractions from reading. | |? Check their own understanding constantly. |? Do not know whether they understand. | |? Monitor their reading comprehension and do it so often that it |? Do not recognize when comprehension has broken down. | |becomes automatic. |? Seldom use fix-up strategies to improve comprehension. | |? Stop to use a fix-up strategy when they do not understand. |? Skip or ignore meanings of unfamiliar but crucial words. | |? Use semantic, syntactic, and graphophonic cues to construct |? Do not integrate text with prior knowledge. | |meanings of unfamiliar words. |? Read without reflecting on meaning or text organization | |? Synthesize during reading. | | |? Ask questions. | | |? Talk to themselves during reading. | | |3. After Reading, Strategic Readers †¦ |Poor Readers †¦ | |? Decide if they have achieved their goals for reading. |? Do not know what they have read. | |? Evaluate their understanding of what was read. |? Do not follow reading with comprehension self-check. | |? Summarize the major ideas. |? Rely exclusively on the author’s words. | |? Seek additional information from outside sources. |? Do not go beyond a surface examination of the text. | |? Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant ideas. |? Apply no conscious strategies to help them remember. | |? Paraphrase the text what they have learned. | | |? Reflect on and personalize the text. | | |? Critically examine the text. | | |? Integrate new understandings and prior knowledge. | | |? Use study strategies to retain new knowledge. | | II. 4. Some Methods for Teaching Reading Strategies Reading Strategies (n.d. ) separates reading lesson into three stages and has some ideas about activities for each stage. II. 4. 1. Before Reading activities should emphasize methods of merging reader, text, and content –enabling students to set appropriate reading purposes, recall related prior knowledge, preview and predict what the text will be about, and select reading methods to suit their purposes and the text. Included in these considerations may be readers’ decisions to expand their background knowledge through related discussion, exploration of key concepts, or related reading. II. 4. 2. During Reading: activities should enable students to monitor their comprehension through a variety of strategies and experience and acquire diverse fix-up strategies to improve their understanding where necessary. II. 4. 3. After Reading: activities should teach students to review their understanding of text, relate new ideas to their background knowledge, revisit the text to clarify and extend meanings, make responsible interpretations and criticisms of ideas from the text, revise their thinking, apply the information to other texts and disciplines, and remember crucial learning for future application. II. 5. Some Techniques for Teaching Reading Strategies Reading Strategies (n. d. ) also gives some techniques to teach reading strategies II. 5. 1. Some Techniques for Teaching Before-Reading Strategies Before reading, strategic readers: * Preview the text by looking at the title, the pictures, and the print in order to evoke relevant thoughts and memories. * Build background by activating appropriate prior knowledge through self –questioning about what they already know about the topic (or story), the vocabulary, and the form in which the topic (or story) is presented. * Set purposes for reading by asking questions about what they want to learn during the reading process. II. 5. 2. Some Techniques for Teaching During-Reading Strategies During reading, strategic readers: * Check understanding of the text by paraphrasing the author’s words. * Monitor comprehension and use fix-up strategies: use the cueing systems to figure out unknown words and imaging, imagining, inferencing, and predicting. * Integrate new concepts with existing knowledge: continually revise purpose for reading. II. 5. 3. Some Techniques for Teaching After-Reading Strategies. After reading, strategic readers: * Summarize what they have read by retelling the plot of the story or the main idea of the text. * Interpret and evaluate the ideas contained in the text. * Make applications of the ideas in the text to unique situations, extending the ideas to broader perspectives. * Use study strategies for note taking, locating, and remembering to improve content – area learning. II. 6. Kinds of Strategy Before students begin their next reading assignment, identify their purpose for reading. According to the reader’s different purposes, he or she will choose the appropriate reading style. Therefore, there are a variety of strategies. II. 6. 1. Study Reading The Study Reading is used when the readers intend to read difficult material at a high level of comprehension. This reading style says that because of the material at a high level of comprehension the readers should read the material more than once and sometimes reading the material aloud also improves their comprehension. (Becoming a Flexible Reader, n. d. ) II. 6. 2. Skimming When the reader’s purpose is to quickly obtain a general idea about the reading material, he or she is suggested to use skimming style. This strategy is extremely useful if the readers want to read a large amount of material in a short amount of time by two ways: identify the main ideas and ignore the details. (Becoming a Flexible Reader, n. d. ) II. 6. 3. Scanning Contrastively, the scanning style is used when their purpose is to quickly locate a specific piece of information within reading material. To scan, the readers mostly focus on a list of names, words, numbers, short statements, and sometimes even in a paragraph. (Becoming a Flexible Reader, n. d. ) II. 6. 4. SQRW. According to A Strategies for Reading Textbooks (n. d. ), it divides strategies into four-steps, called SQRW. Each letter stands for one step in the strategy. Using SQRW will help readers to understand what they read and to prepare a written record of what they learned. The written record will be valuable when readers have to participate in a class discussion and again when they study for a test. Read to learn what to do for each step in SQRW. ( Survey This strategy brings to mind what the readers already know about the topic of a chapter and prepares them for learning more. The readers do survey by reading the title, introduction, headings, and the summary or conclusion or they will examine all visuals such as pictures, tables, maps, and/or graphs and read the caption. By survey, the readers quickly learn what the chapter is about. ( Question Questions give the readers a purpose for reading and help them stay focused on the reading assignment. To form questions, the readers base on a heading and use the words who, what, when, where, why, or how. When a heading contains more than one idea, form a question for each idea. Do not form questions for the Introduction, Summary, or Conclusion. ( Read Read the information that follows each heading to find the answer to each question readers formed. They may change a question or turn it into several questions to be answered. Readers need to stay focused and flexible so they can gather as much information as they need to answer each question. ( Write Write each question and its answer in your notebook. Reread each of your written answers to be sure each answer is legible and contains all the important information needed to answer the question. CHAPTER III: APPLICATION III. 1. For Students Here are some suggestions for students to apply before, during and after-reading in order to become strategic readers. There are two things that students need to prepare before they read. First of all, it is the reading environment. Students had better to choose a quiet place which is far away from making noise. They would be distract by it and cannot concentrate well on what they read. Moreover, a place gives them an attitude to be ready to read. Besides the place, readers also pay attention to have small things as pen or paper in hand. These things help them take note immediately what they read on the text when the ideas come out in the mind before they quickly disappear. Before reading, firstly it is necessary for English Second Language students to set a goal for reading. This activity will keep them focus on what they read and prevent them from wandering around the text. Secondly, they should activate prior knowledge. It means that students brainstorm what they already know about the topic. Combination between prior knowledge and new text help them understand more about the topic. Last but not least, according to their purposes, they choose suitable methods for reading. Appropriate strategies help them read and achieve their goals quickly. While reading is the stage which students apply all their known strategies to read quickly but effectively. For example, strategic readers do not read the text from the beginning to the end; instead they skim it quickly to have an overview or to get main ideas about what they are going to read. It means that those students would read the introduction or every first line of each paragraph before going to read the whole passage. Next, when students read in detail, they should underline the information which they feel interested in and take notes or  highlight for easy to review important points later. In addition, it is important for students to remember to use what their background knowledge and their brainstorming about the text in before reading and see whether the old information fits the text, whether their prediction is correct or need changing. Moreover, if they have any difficulties with reading the text, slow down their reading speed and reread the information with more care. In case, it is too difficult to understand, highlight it for going back later, then skip it and move forward. Finally, college students are often required to read a lot with difficult vocabulary, so they should break down the assignment into many small sections, for example, ten pages for each reading times and manage to finish reading these sections instead of the whole. This strategy gives students more concentrated on what they read and prevents them from getting frustrated and disappointed. It is not simply to finish the reading task, learners should go beyond. And after reading is a stage for them to do so. First of all, students need to draw a conclusion. They turn back and think about what predictions they made before and during reading by reviewing the text. Also, they had better look back to consider how the information read related to their background knowledge and decide whether they achieve their goal. Secondly, students should take notes what they have read by writing a summary. This summary contains the main ideas, the important information or simply just a list of ideas getting from the reading. This activity is very helpful for the readers to maintain new knowledge for later use. Lastly, this stage also gives students a chance to discuss what they do not understand about the text. Students will mark anything that makes them confused and bring it to class and talk with their friends in order to clarify it. III. 2. For the Reading Teachers It takes a long time for students to become strategic readers and reading teachers play an important role in helping their students read quickly but effectively. Therefore, teachers are suggested to take these considerations. First of all, teachers themselves need to have a full awareness of great benefits which strategies could bring to their students, then the introduction of strategies, their practice, and their uses should be part of  every reading lesson because a strategy can be only applied well when teachers frequently explain, model it carefully, then give them enough opportunities to practice. However, for any approach to strategy development, teachers should remember to introduce only a few strategies at a time until students feel confident to use the strategies. And in each reading lesson, separate application of each strategy does not give a lot of help, so teachers should encourage students to combine some strategies together to get the best results. Moreover, teachers should be well-prepared the lesson beforehand. The aim of this preparation is to figure out which strategies are used in the lesson, then the teachers will carefully prepare suitable activities for each stage of a reading lesson. For example, in before-reading stage, teachers give activities such as True/ False Prediction, Brainstorming to help students have some general ideas about what they are going to read. For while-reading stage, teachers use Answer the Questions, Choose the Main Ideas to check their comprehension. For after-reading stage, the activities could be Summary, Discussion or Retelling what they have read. Additionally, when reading process takes place, reading teachers monitor the students’ expertise and independent application of the strategies. If there are many students feeling unsure about using the strategies, teachers stop their work, reintroduce and give them more practice. Finally after every reading times, teachers ask students to record their ability in applying strategies to assess their own growth. CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION During teaching process, most of reading teachers give more time and emphasis on testing reading comprehension than teaching readers how to comprehend. Therefore, this small research has been done to offer an overview of different strategies to reading and application for practice. All of strategies can be brought into play in an efficient way in the teaching and acquiring reading skill. Simultaneously, it helps both teachers and students recognize the significant advantages of mastering reading strategies. With careful discussion about most of strategies used in three main reading stages: before, during and after reading, hopefully this research is a source of reference for reading teachers and students. REFERENCES A Strategies for Reading Textbooks, (n. d. ). Retrieved December 3rd, 2010 from http://www. how-to-study. com/study-skills/en/studying/40/a-strategy-for-reading-textbooks/ Anderson, N. J. (1991). Individual Differences in Strategy Use in Second Language Reading and Testing. Modern Language Journal, 75: 460-472. Becoming a Flexible Reader, (n. d. ). Retrieved December 3rd, 2010 from http://www. how-to-study. com/study-skills/en/studying/33/becoming-a-flexible-reader/ Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles- An interactive approach to language pedagogy. (2nd ed. ). NY: Longman, pp 384-387. Dr. Kathleen King, (n. d. ). Reading Strategies, Lecture from University. Retrieved December 14th, 2010 from http://www. isu. edu/~kingkath/readstrt. html Grabe, W. , Stoller, F. L. (2001). Reading for Academic Purpose: Guidelines for the ESL/ EFL Teacher, In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed. ), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (3rd ed). Boston: Heinle, pp. 187-204. Hawkins, B. , (2001). Teaching Children to Read in a Second Language. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed. ), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (2rd ed). Boston: Heinle. McNamara, Danielle S. (2009). The importance of teaching reading strategies, The Perspectives on Language and Literacy. Retrieved December 14th, 2010 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_7694/is_200904/ai_n32423755 Nunan, D. (Ed. ) (2003). Practical English Language Teaching. Singapore: McGraw Hill. Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language Learning Styles and Strategies. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from web. ntpu. edu. tw/~language/workshop/read2. pdf Reading Strategies, (n. d. ). Retrieved December 10th, 2010 from http://98. 130. 215. 11/articles/6%20Strategic%20Reading. pdf.

A Vital Contributor To The Competitiveness Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3082 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? A supply chain management which is effective is a vital contributor to the competitiveness of any firm generally and in order for the organization to witness long term success, innovation is a crucial factor. Business innovations regardless of whether they are in process or product form, are seldom accomplished in an organization which is single rather, they are often formed through interactions with other members of the supply chain. Owing to the slowdown in economic and the increasing activities in acquisition and mergers being witnessed, organizations are faced with quite a number of challenges in the processes of procurement and supply chain management (Burton, 1995). Therefore, managing innovations across supply chains is not an easy task since it is faced with a number of challenges. In trying to comprehend the main challenges faced , understanding of various issues such as; does Service supply chains face different challenges compared to supply chains focused on physical goods, do emerging industries have different priorities compared to mature industries and do buyer  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½supplier power relations have significant impact arise( Milgrom, Roberts, 1992). Main Challenges in managing innovation across supply chains. Supply chain management has witnessed various changes within the past decades. One of the factors that have changed is that the market in supply chain management has become more complex and competitive. In addition to that, the customers in this field have also become more distinguishing. Consequently, the system has become global due to the changes that have occurred in the international business and economic environment. Furthermore, the management of supply chain has become of great importance since majority of the firms have appreciated the fact that the supply chain is a major factor in creating competitive advantage (Dicken, 2003). The supply chain has become a major strategy differentiation among diffe rent organizations This is because, The satisfaction of the end user consumer has become of great importance in the management of supply chains with the reduction of the total supply chain costs.. The objectives of firms to become more cost competitive has led to the creation of more robust supply chains by organizations (Skinner, 1969). This means that organizations that will fail to deal with these innovations will eventually collapse considering they are operating in a highly dynamic business environment. The core factors that will lead to the success of these organizations are the development of competitive supply chain management strategies. This, in turn, will provide a basis of change across the supply chain (Forrester, Soriano-Meier, 2002). It should be understood that in adapting to changes, changes should not just be for the sake of it. These changes should occur in an innovative and different manner in the processes of the supply chain. The word innovation means ne w. These means that organizations should create new strategies in their supply chain management strategies. These new strategies that have been adopted should also be better that the earlier strategies which the organization had implemented (Bamford, Forrester, 2003). In innovation, there are four areas which have been identified that lead to the success in an organization. Making innovations in the supply chain management integration is the first step to take in the supply chain management. Any organization that has the will to succeed will make innovations in their supply chain management must commence with these steps. In addition to that, the ICT sector has been of great importance in the supply chain management. Various tools which have been generated by the ICT sector have been of great importance to the supply chain management. These tools have been known to be of great importance as they have proved to be time saving and cost effective. If integrated effectively, these t ools will assist the organization to meet its set aims and objectives (Hines, 1994). If organizations focus on implementing and integrating these technologies in a strategic manner, then it is with no doubt that they will hit top notch. This will ensure that the full potential of the organization is achieved. In addition to that, there is also need for the supply chain activities to implement strategies that focus on environmental sustainability. Organizations need to focus on the challenges and their possible solutions that will promote environmental sustainability (Verma Boyer 2010). Therefore, in managing innovation across supply chains the main challenges arise in the sectors of; Innovation in Supply Chain Integration, ICT Supply Chain Innovation, Sustainability Innovation and Innovation in Supply System Management (Williamson, 1998). Innovation in Supply Chain Integration The modernized prototype in supply chain management focuses mainly on the concept of integrati on. Where in this context, integration is concerned primarily with substituting old supply chain configurations, (which were frequently characterized by lofty levels of fragmentations), with innovative approaches (which are characterized by elements in supply chain that are different and they work in a seamless fashion together).The notion in integration can be reflected on at numerous levels. However, the primary ones usually considered are the external (interaction involving diverse entities downstream and upstream in the supply chain) and internal (integration of processes and activities within organizations) (Slack, Brandon-Jones Johnston 2010). In focusing supply chain integration, to the wider approach of supply chain management, it is evident that any useful effort which focuses on improving the performance and capability of supply chain should have its focus on innovation in this regard. Therefore, challenges are usually identified by the full comprehension of the dynamic s of the business environment and the benefits and drawbacks of present supply chain architectures. In terms of solutions, it is imperative to identify that each supply chain is distinctive and it needs innovation which is suitable to the situation which is being considered (Prahalad, Hamel, 1990). This distinctiveness usually relates to people processes and products. Recognizing the suitable form of supply chain, change should focus on in depth issues related to the unique characteristics of an organisation plus the environment which it operates in, more so, in the integration of supply chain. Making out the apt solution necessitates that the course of supply chain planning and analysis is done in a systematic and logical manner with appropriate attention to elements. Plans in integration should be implemented properly particularly in regards to other people and cultural related features of the innovation process (Nelson, 1991). ICT Supply Chain Innovation In the past dec ades, technological innovations have had an effect on supply chain management and logistics. Consequently, the main reason for change in the field is the advancement of communication and information. Researches that have been carried out display the probable role of ICT in invading the entire supply chain. This will not only enable the integration of processes and functions of a sole organization but also to the customers and suppliers with long-term and broad implication for a company ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s competitive advantage (NAE, 2008). ICT is seen as one of the major outstanding fields in the supply chain. A considerable number of growing organizations have taken on novel technologies and informative systems which support their operations in supply chain management and logistics, for instance, General Electric, Dell and Wal-Mart. The major benefits accomplished by these organizations relate to ultimately visibility, shortened inventories and time cycle, improved efficacy in di stribution channels and minimized effect of the bullwhip (Rumelt, 1997). Therefore, ICT has an intense effect on the supply chain management since novel technologies facilitate greatly in the information flow, extend power over distant operations and across organizational margins and automate retorts. Consequently the implementation of novel technological innovations and the outcomes associated with precise types of ICT-linked innovations are of vital interest to the diverse categories of organizations which operate in the same supply chain network (Teece, et al. 1997). Although information technology aptitudes are important for differentiation in logistic service and a device of minimizing costs, plus attend to customers effectively through customization of better services, the implementation of ICT is a major challenge for logistic service providers mainly for the for the medium and small logistic service providers. Owing to deficiency in resources, these organizations displ ay difficulties in the usage and implementation of ICT (Nelson, 1991). Small logistic service organizations provide a number of implications to supply chain innovation. Proximity to the clients is a significant source of mutual innovation. The amalgamation of technology and service strategy is a vital component in motivating supply chain in small and medium logistic service provider in supply chain innovation for a differentiation advantage to be obtained from the usage of ICT, the centre of medium and small logistic service providers, the technological venture has to be on the usages of ICT slightly than on technology Womack, J. and (Jones, 1996). An additional challenge which is usually faced by service providers is in the changing requirements in service production. Equipment utilization, capacity and visibility, minimization of transportation and inventory costs, observation of security in supply chain and control in the environment are progressively being demanded more by customers of logistic services. The implementation of innovations in ICT in these fields might offer solutions to operational (processes and functions) and strategic echelon (capital development, knowledge human and technology) to levels in organization and firm and more so several of the innovations might have environmental effects (Hamilton, Feenstra, 1998). A major challenging field in supply chain management is ambiguity. Reducing produce lifecycle and rapid changing buyer demand for services and goods lead to more vague and intricate environment. Applications in ICT might offer answers in managing and explaining ambiguity in supply chain circumstances. It is also applicable to radio frequency identification in the industry of retail. This area is experiencing a paradigm budge in the management of unpreserved goods, which have inadequate shelf life that make it hard for decisions in supply chain thus elevated loss rates are experienced (Hayes, et al 2005). Radio frequenc y identification (RFID) might offer pertinent information which can help in identifying the process of deterioration of goods visible and predictable at the prime stages of supply chain. RFID applications can be used by Inventive retailers to minimize expense and risks linked with instability in energy expenses and demand. This innovation has affirmative effects on liability of losses in the supply chain and suggestions for options in buy-back and contracts. (Milgrom, Roberts, 1992). Additionally, ambiguity has an effect on inventory management. This is a task which is challenging I supply chain management owing to the complexity in approximating demand, particularly in novel goods. Additionally, erratic demand and dynamic delivery location make it a challenge for stock control (Shi Gregory, 1998). This matters regularly consequence in elevator expenses in inventory, insufficient resource allotment and sluggish retort to the client. An innovative answer for improving invento ry management must be based on a combination of theory and technology (Zhang, et al. 2008). Mixing RFID application for assembling data (so as to optimize inventory level in the supply chain) and synthetic neural network for data scrutiny (to predict prospect demand) it is likely to attain economically competent and lean supply chain management (Lamming, Cox, 1997). In the previous years, intelligent freight transportation system (IFTS) has been extensively utilized to optimize operations in logistics and transport. It brings up potentialities to overcome numerous challenges in this field by augmenting planning, control and monitoring abilities. However, its strategic latent has not been evaluated past solely operational remunerations. Integrating the major components of IFTS (smart infrastructure, vehicles and products) might offer answers to enhance the usage of these systems which are innovative and offer the base for an evaluation which is more solid on their outcomes in logistics and transport operations (Hines, 1994). Sustainability Innovation The demand on organizations to advance their sustainability in the environment is gradually increasing. Diverse sources like government agencies at local, regional, national and multi-national levels are tapering environmental laws and initiating novel outlines of green taxation and presenting more reasons for organizations to clear out their operations. Customers have turned out to be more conscious of environmental matters thus accounting for them in their purchasing verdicts (Porter, 2001). Stakeholders mainly employees and investors also have a strong interest in ensuring their organizations have environmental standards which are elevated. Whereas the objectives of the company is to become greener, it is affecting most business features particularly supply chain management and logistics since their activities are environmental intrusive and geographical extensive (Grant, 2010) The freight mov ement is the main emitter of other air toxins and greenhouse gases, Traffic accidents and noise disturbance. A majority of the expenses are peripheral to an organization ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s balance sheet and they come from the ecosystem and community. Citizens benefit from the logistic services but they make out that the process of delivery is bad for the environment. They do not appreciate the changes that have been made so far (Dicken, 2003). These upgrading in the environment is from a variety of innovations which are operational and technical. One of the challenges in this area is the effectual ways of escalating the environmental maintenance of road freight transport. If authorized restrictions on truck dimensions and weight are Tranquil they would allow organizations to merge freight in a less number of deliveries. The proficiency of organizations which allow the usage of heavier and longer vehicles reveal that they present a combination of environmental, safety and economic benefits (Foss, 1997). In Europe, Suggestions to extend the usage of longer and heavier vehicles, has been met with a lot of oppositions from environmental groups and railway interests. This shows how the diffusion of a main innovation in transport is hindered by political lobbying and government laws. The public sector ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s role additionally features in reviewing the prospective of urban consolidation centres to rationalize the budging of freight in urban centres. Though the first urban consolidation centres came out in 1970, since then they have been the focus of many viability studies. It ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s only recently that their operational and commercial feasibility has been established in construction and retail areas (Fisher, 1997). An additional analyzed challenge, centres on the return budge of waste products from urban centres. A variety of repeal innovations in logistics that can advance the effectiveness and lessen the impacts of environment on the return surge of waste for disposal, recycling have been evaluated. If these measures are implemented successfully, it can make reusing more attractive commercially and increase its yielding and uptake thus benefiting the environment (Hill Hill 2011). The projected answers are based on diverse equipment, regulatory and operational innovations which range in the integration of streams which carry household and commercial wastes to the introduction of technology which is smart bin (Christopher, 2000). A large percentage of logistics expenses are now outsourced. Logistic service providers can control directly much of the handling, storage plus movement of goods, across supply chains. A number of service providers identify that innovations in the environment can be a competitive factor however reviews display that a number are disenchanted by their customer ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s lack of concern in the environmental schemes. Logistic service providers ought to be given incentives whi ch are stronger so as to increase portfolios in the green services and collaborations which are closer between customers and logistic service providers on recommended environmental programs (Fisher, 1997). Innovation in Supply System Management At international and national level, Massive changes have been observed in client-supplier relationships. These transformations are on a variety of relationship features. A number of them include: the item of business between supplier and clients, for instance, complex systems, components and parts; the functions of the organization entailed in the relationship supply, for instance, marketing, design, production and planning; the suppliers aptitude necessitated by the client, for instance, managerial, logistics and technical; the level of collaboration and trust which maintains the relationship (Allwright, Oliver, 1993). There are four major identified phases of client -supplier relationships. They include; traditional supply (1960s 1970s); supply system development (1980s); strategic alliance (1990s) and globalization (2000 and beyond). As seen in the evolutional changes client-supplier relationships have undergone radical procedures of innovation and new challenges focused on the hunt for effectiveness and efficiency. There are a number of challenges which face innovation in supply system management. However the main ones include, executing of discontinuous innovation in supply chain relationships, the answer to this problem is that it is essential to focus beyond the personal psychological barriers and company related issues. An analysis that is multileveled is required so as to appreciate fully the intricacy of the occurrence of discontinuous innovation executions in supply chain relationships (Cox, 2001) Another challenge focuses on the possible use of formal models in supply evaluation of strategic management of the entire supply system. There are a number of valid reasons why formalized models sh ould be used compared to qualitative approaches. These issues relate managerial, motivation, transparency and learning. In this manner the client been made possible to run the entire supply chain plus regularly realign the objectives of the supplier with his or her own targets (Ford, et al. 2003) An additional challenge entails the notion of ideal client status as a way of formulating supply side induced benefits in supplier markets which are highly competitive. This displays the significance of being an ideal client mainly in a novel context of a product development. The notion here is that executing an idea clients policy in purchasing firms might perk up circumstances of innovating with suppliers (Emerson, 1962). Another challenge involves the humanity side of the supply chain and its function in risks associated with supply chain management. From a perspective which is behavioural, approaches which are innovative and include behavioural studying in supply chain management and design can considerably put in reduction of risks in supply chain by accounting for personal biases and attitudes of the verdict maker (Porter, 1980). The final challenge relates to management of risks as an approach which is strategic in advancing outsourcing in logistics. This implies that risk management can be an innovative devise which will facilitate the triumph of logistics outsourcing by safe guarding potential relationships and performances between partners in the supply chain (Sanderson, 2009). Conclusion In conclusion, it is quite evident that many organizations face a number of Challenges in managing innovation across supply chains. Service supply chains face different challenges compared to supply chains focused on physical goods, emerging industries have different priorities compared to mature industries and buyer  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½supplier power relations have significant impact. The main challenges which face the management of innovation across chain sup plies are divided in to four fields of innovation. They include Innovation in Supply Chain Integration, Innovation in Supply System Management, Sustainability Innovation and ICT Supply Chain Innovation. If these main challenges in innovation are dealt with effectively then organizations will be able to manage their innovations across supply chains effectively. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Vital Contributor To The Competitiveness Business Essay" essay for you Create order